Zoologix performs primate infectious disease tests by PCR for...

Adenoviruses

African green monkey endogenous virus

Aspergillus

B virus

Babesia

Baboon endogenous virus

Baylisascaris procyonis

Borrelia burgdorferi

Burkholderia

Campylobacter

Chagas' disease

Chikungunya virus

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Chlamydophila trachomatis

Clostridium

Coccidioides

Cronobacter sakazakii

Cryptosporidium

Cynomolgus polyomavirus

Cytomegalovirus, baboon

Cytomegalovirus, chimpanzee

Cytomegalovirus, human

Cytomegalovirus, macaque

Cytomegalovirus, simian

Dengue

E. coli O157:H7

E. coli panel

Encephalitis, Japanese

Encephalitis, St. Louis

Encephalomyocarditis (EMCV)

Entamoeba species

Enterovirus

Epstein-Barr virus

Giardia

Gibbon ape leukemia

Helicobacter

Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis C virus

Herpes ateles

Herpes B virus

Herpes simplex type 1

Herpes simplex type 2

Herpes tamarinus

Herpesvirus ateles

Herpesvirus papio 1 & 2

Herpesvirus saimiri

Human adenoviruses

Human herpesviruses types 6, 7 & 8

Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 & 2

Human T cell lymphotropic virus

Human Varicella-Zoster

Influenza type A

Klebsiella

Lawsonia intracellularis

Leishmania

Leptospira

Lyme disease

Lymphocryptovirus

Malaria

Measles

Monkeypox

Mycobacteria

Mycoplasma

Neisseria gonorhoeae

Neisseria meningitidis

Papillomavirus

Parvoviruses

Plasmodium species

Reovirus screen

Rhesus rhadinovirus

Rotavirus

Salmonella

Shigella and enteroinvasive E. coli

Simian agent 6 (SA6)

Simian agent 8 (SA8)

Simian foamy virus (SFV)

Simian hemorrhagic fever (SHFV)

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)

Simian parainfluenza virus

Simian retrovirus (SRV)

Simian sarcoma virus

Simian T-cell leukemia (STLV) types 1 & 2

Simian T-cell leukemia (STLV) type 3

Simian Varicella-Zoster

Squirrel monkey retrovirus

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogenes

SV40

SV5

Syphilis

Tetanus

Toxoplasma gondii

Treponema

Trichomonas/
Tritrichomonas

Trypanosoma cruzi

Tuberculosis

Ureaplasma

Valley fever

West Nile virus (WNV)

Yaws

Yellow fever

Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Zika virus

* * *

Genetic tests for...

A/B/AB blood type in macaques

Cynomolgus genotyping

Fetal sexing

Mamu-6 in macaques

Mamu-7 in macaques

CYP2C76 c.449TG>A
in macaques

Mu opioid receptor
in macaques

smCCR5Δ24
in sooty mangabeys

...and more - contact Zoologix with your genetic testing requirements


Hepatitis B PCR test for primates
primate assay data sheet

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) by PCR

Test code: S0033 - Ultrasensitive qualitative detection of hepatitis B virus by real time PCR

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health problem, and is estimated to account for approximately one million deaths from chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma each year. Although hepatitis virus B was found exclusively in human population and seemed to be specific to humans, a few studies have indicated a wide prevalence in non-human primates (Bancroft et al., 1977; Grethe et al., 2000; Heckel et al., 2001; Kessler et al., 1982; Lanford et al., 2000), especially primates in captivity. Some cases of HBV infection of non-human primates have been traced back to contamination by humans. In the wild, HBV infection has been documented in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gibbons (Hylobates spp.), orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and gorilla (Gorilla gorilla).

Serological testing to detect HBV is not very reliable. Numerous authors have reported the existence of sera that are HBsAg negative, but HBV DNA PCR positive. For example, Blum et al. (1991) observed that the HBV genome in one such patient had numerous mutations, which resulted in low levels of HBsAg production, absence of HBeAg production, and a defect that terminated virus replication. Michalak et al. (1994) documented that the HBsAg-negative PCR-positive state could last for at least 5 years, and that the HBV particles actually existed as naked core particles but with intact virions, presumably in the form of immune complexes. Rehermann et al. (1996) also found that PCR positivity could persist for at least 23 years after the disappearance of HBsAg. Thus, serological testing can result in false negative results. However, PCR detection of HBV DNA is now regarded as the most appropriate method to confirm the presence of HBV DNA.

Utilities:

  • Help confirm the disease causing agent
  • Help ensure that animal colonies are free of Hepatitis B
  • Early prevention of spread of this virus among a colony
  • Minimize personnel exposure to this virus
  • Safety monitoring of biological products and vaccines that derive from primates

References:
Bancroft, W.H., Snitbhan, R., Scott, R.M., Tingpalapong, M., Watson, W.T., Tanticharoenyos, P., Karwacki, J.J. and Srimarut, S. (1977) Transmission of hepatitis B virus to gibbons by exposure to human saliva containing hepatitis B surface antigen. J. Infect. Dis. 135:79-85.
Blum, H.E., Liang, T.J., Galun, E. and Wands, J.R. (1991) Persistence of hepatitis B viral DNA after serological recovery from hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 14:56-63.
Grethe, S., Heckel, J.O., Rietschel, W. and Hufert, F.T.(2000) Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus variants in nonhuman primates. J. Virol. 74:5377-5381.
Heckel, J-O., Rietschel, W. and Hufert, F.T. (2001) Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infections in nonhuman primates. J. Med. Primatol. 30: 14-19.
Kessler, H., Tsiquaye, K.N., Smith, H., Jones, D.M. and Zuckerman, A.J. (1982) Hepatitis A and B at the London Zoo. J. Infect. Dis. 4: 63-67.
Lanford, R.E., Chavez, D., Rico-Hesse, R. and Mootnick, A.(2000) Hepadnavirus infection in captive gibbons. J. Virol. 74: 2955-2959.
Makuwa, M., Souquiere, S., Telfer, P., Leroy, E., Bourry, O., Rouquet, P., Clifford, S., Wickings, E.J., Roques, P. and Simon, F. (2003) J. Med. Primatol. 32:307-14.
Michalak, T.I., Pasquinelli, C., Guilhot, S. and Chisari, F.V. (1994) Hepatitis B virus persistence after recovery from acute viral hepatitis. J. Clin. Invest. 93:230-9.
Rehermann, B., Ferrari, C., Pasquinelli, C. and Chisari, F.V. (1996). The hepatitis B virus persists for decades after patients' recovery from acute viral hepatitis despite active maintenance of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. Nat. Med. 2:1104-8.

Specimen requirement: 0.2 ml whole blood in EDTA (purple top) tube, or 0.2 ml plasma or serum, or 0.2 ml fresh, frozen or fixed liver tissue.

Contact Zoologix if advice is needed to determine an appropriate specimen type for a specific diagnostic application. For specimen types not listed here, please contact Zoologix to confirm specimen acceptability and shipping instructions.

For all specimen types, if there will be a delay in shipping, or during very warm weather, refrigerate specimens until shipped and ship with a cold pack unless more stringent shipping requirements are specified. Frozen specimens should be shipped so as to remain frozen in transit. See shipping instructions for more information.

Turnaround time: 2 business days

Methodology: Qualitative real time PCR

Normal range: Nondetected

©2003-2024 Zoologix, Inc. • Email Zoologix • Phone (818) 717-8880