Respiratory symptoms got you breathless? Try our equine respiratory PCR panel -- we test for 7 respiratory bacteria and viruses from 1 swab.

Neurological symptoms got you down? Try our equine neurological PCR panel -- we test for 5 neurological diseases from 1 CSF or tissue sample.

Diarrhea got you on the run? Try our equine GI / diarrhea PCR panel -- we test for 4 GI diseases from 1 fecal or swab sample.

Oh baby! Our equine breeding/abortion PCR panel tests for 5 diseases affecting breeding success from 1 swab or semen sample.

* * *

For our international clients: Our DRY CARDS let you mail blood samples to Zoologix easily and cheaply from anywhere. Samples are small, light and stable at room temperature.

* * *

Zoologix performs equine PCR tests for...

African horse sickness

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Anoplocephala

Anoplocephaloides

Aspergillus

Babesia

Borna virus

Borrelia burgdorferi

Burkholderia mallei and pseudomallei

Clostridium difficile

Clostridium species

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)

Coronaviruses

Dengue

Dourine

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)

E. coli O157:H7

E. coli panel

Equine adenoviruses

Equine arteritis virus (EAV)

Equine hepatitis virus

Equine herpesvirus
type 1

Equine herpesvirus
type 2

Equine herpesvirus
type 3

Equine herpesvirus
type 4

Equine herpesvirus
type 5

Equine infectious anemia (EIA)

Equine parvovirus

Equine piroplasmosis

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)

Equine rhinitis virus A

Equine rhinitis virus B

Giardia

Glanders

Helicobacter

Histoplasma

Horsepox virus

Influenza type A

Japanese encephalitis

Lawsonia intracellularis

Leptospirosis

Lyme disease

Melioidosis

Neospora caninum

Neospora hughesi

Piroplasmosis

Potomac horse fever

Rabies

Rhodococcus equi

Rotavirus

Sarcocystis neurona

St. Louis encephalitis

Strangles (Strep equi)

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Strongyles

Surra

Tapeworms

Taylorella equigenitalis

Theileria equi

Toxoplasma gondii

Trichomonas/
Tritrichomonas

Trypanosoma equiperdum

Trypanosoma evansi

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)

Vesicular stomatitis

West Nile virus (WNV)

Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)

Yersinia enterocolitica

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Genetic tests for...

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis


Trichomonas and Tritrichomonas PCR test for horses
equine assay data sheet

Trichomonas

Test code:
X0013 - Qualitative detection of Trichomonas/Tritrichomonas by polymerase chain reaction

 

Many species in the genus Trichomonas/Tritrichomonas can infect man, but trichomoniasis is also a major problem in poultry, birds and horses. All trichomonads have three to five anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a recurrent flagellum attached to the edge of the undulating membrane. There is no cyst stage for this protozoan parasite.

Following are some Trichomonads posing major health threats to humans, livestock, birds and other animals:

Trichomonas equi
This parasite lives in the intestine of horses and can be a potential cause of diarrhea in foals.

Tritrichomonas foetus/suis
T. foetus and T. suis are almost identical in genomic composition, morphologic structures, ultrastructure, distribution, host specificity, characteristics of in vitro cultivation, immunology and biochemistry (Lun et al., 2005). Thus, it has been proposed that T. foetus and T. suis are synonyms. While the parasite can be found in the nasal passage, stomach, colon and large intestine of swine, it does not appear to cause major health problems in them.

This trichomonad, however, causes trichomoniasis in cattle, resulting in significant economic loss. The parasite is sexually transmitted and resides in the reproductive tract of cattle. In females, the infection may result in low-grade inflammation, sterility and poor conception rate. In males, symptoms vary from no apparent signs to inflammation of the prepuce. Treatment is difficult and usually not attempted. Slaughter or breeding rest (females) are the usual methods employed in dealing with bovine trichomoniasis.

Like other trichomonads, this organism multiplies by simple binary fission and does not posses a cyst stage. This organism is called Tritrichomonas foetus because it has three long flagella at one end.

Traditionally, diagnosis was mainly based on microscopic evaluation of the trophozoite stage. Mucus, exudates or saline washes from the vagina and preputial cavity are the best samples for microscopic examination. In cases of abortion, allantoic and amniotic fluids as well as fetal tissues and membranes are examined. Serologic detection by agglutination is also possible. However, none of these testing methods are very sensitive, resulting in high false negative rates.

Trichomonas vaginalis
T. vaginalis causes human trichomoniasis. This parasite also resides in the human reproductive tract. This is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases of man and often occurs with other more severe concurrent infections. Chronic reproductive and urinary problems may result in females. The parasite is transmitted sexually. Prevalence in human populations varies between 10 and 25% among women. Only about 15% of infected women show clinical signs; many infected women are asymptomatic carriers.

Other trichomonads known to infect humans include Trichomonas tenax from the tarter and gums of the mouth and Pentatrichomonas hominis from the human colon.

Trichomonas gallinae
The parasite causes avian trichomoniasis. When present, it is usually found in the upper digestive tract of many species of doves and gallinaceous birds. Some strains may also produce liver and lung lesions. The parasite is transferred to young from the mother during feeding. Transmission between birds may also occur from contaminated feed and water. Infection by this trichomonad can be fatal. The presence of this organism in doves is a common source of infection of falcons and hawks feeding on them.

Trichomonas gallinarum
This parasite is mainly detected in cecum and liver of gallinaceous birds but it can also be found in other visceral organs of the infected animals. T. gallinarum affects many birds including poultry, and can cause morbidity and mortality especially in young birds.

Diagnosis of trichomoniasis may not be easy due to clinical symptoms which may resemble those of poxvirus, candidiasis or vitamin A deficiency. Trichomonas can be misidentified in initial microscopic examination because of its similarity to Giardia. The other difficulty in identification of this parasite is that the trichomonad does not survive long after the death of the host. Complementary testing by PCR may be used to eliminate false negative microscopy results. Molecular detection by PCR does not require living parasites and provides a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.

Utilities:

  • Help confirm the disease causing agent
  • Evironmental monitoring
  • Help ensure that herds are free of Trichomonas
  • Early prevention of spread of this parasite
  • Minimize human exposure to this parasite
  • Safety monitoring of biological products that derive from horses

References:
Lun, Z.R., Chen, X.G., Zhu, X.Q., Li, X.R. and Xie, M.Q. (2005) Are Tritrichomonas foetus and Tritrichomonas suis synonyms? Trends Parasitol. 21:122-125.

Specimen requirements:

Preferred specimens - Rectal, vaginal, oral or other mucous secretion swab, or 0.2 ml feces.

Less preferred specimens - 0.2 ml whole blood in EDTA (purple top) tube, or 0.2 ml fresh, frozen or fixed tissue.

Contact Zoologix if advice is needed to determine an appropriate specimen type for a specific diagnostic application. For specimen types not listed here, please contact Zoologix to confirm specimen acceptability and shipping instructions.

For all specimen types, if there will be a delay in shipping, or during very warm weather, refrigerate specimens until shipped and ship with a cold pack unless more stringent shipping requirements are specified. Frozen specimens should be shipped so as to remain frozen in transit. See shipping instructions for more information.

Turnaround time: 2 business days

Methodology: Qualitative PCR

Normal range: Nondetected

©2003-2024 Zoologix, Inc. • Email Zoologix • Phone (818) 717-8880